Gear driven shutter ink jet printing mechanism

ABSTRACT

This patent describes an ink jet printer which relies upon a gear driven shutter mechanism to block or allow the ejection of ink from a nozzle chamber. The shutter is placed in the fluid passage between the reservoir and nozzle chamber. The shutter includes a ratcheted edge for dividing the shutter to an open or closed position via the utilization of an actuator driven driving means. The driving means includes a gearing mechanism which results in a reduced driving frequency of the ratcheted edge relative to the frequency of operation of the driving means. The gearing can be driven by utilizing a conductive element in a magnetic field to exert a force on a cog of a gearing mechanism. The conductive element includes a concertinaed structure designed to expand or contract upon movement of the conductive element. Further, retainers are utilized in guiding the shutter between the reservoir and the nozzle chamber.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, U.S. patent applications identified by their U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. (U.S. Ser. No.) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the U.S. patent applications claim the right of priority.

CROSS-REFERENCED U.S. patent application AUSTRALIAN (CLAIMING RIGHT OF PRIORITY PROVISIONAL FROM AUSTRALIAN DOCKET PATENT NO. PROVISIONAL APPLICATION) NO. PO7991 09/113,060 ART01 PO8505 09/113,070 ART02 PO7988 09/113,073 ART03 PO9395 09/112,748 ART04 PO8017 09/112,747 ART06 PO8014 09/112,776 ART07 PO8025 09/112,750 ART08 PO8032 09/112,746 ART09 PO7999 09/112,743 ART10 PO7998 09/112,742 ART11 PO8031 09/112,741 ART12 PO8030 09/112,740 ART13 PO7997 09/112,739 ART15 PO7979 09/113,053 ART16 PO8015 09/112,738 ART17 PO7978 09/113,067 ART18 PO7982 09/113,063 ART19 PO7989 09/113,069 ART20 PO8019 09/112,744 ART21 PO7980 09/113,058 ART22 PO8018 09/112,777 ART24 PO7938 09/113,224 ART25 PO8016 09/112,804 ART26 PO8024 09/112,805 ART27 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 09/112,797 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 09/112,797 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7987 09/113,071 ART32 PO8022 09/112,824 ART33 PO8497 09/113,090 ART34 PO8020 09/112,823 ART38 PO8023 09/113,222 ART39 PO8504 09/112,786 ART42 PO8000 09/113,051 ART43 PO7977 09/112,782 ART44 PO7934 09/113,056 ART45 PO7990 09/113,059 ART46 PO8499 09/113,091 ART47 PO8502 09/112,753 ART48 PO7981 09/113,055 ART50 PO7986 09/113,057 ART51 PO7983 09/113,054 ART52 PO8026 09/112,752 ART53 PO8027 09/112,759 ART54 PO8028 09/112,757 ART56 PO9394 09/112,758 ART57 PO9396 09/113,107 ART58 PO9397 09/112,829 ART59 PO9398 09/112,792 ART60 PO9399 09/112,791 ART61 PO9400 09/112,790 ART62 PO9401 09/112,789 ART63 PO9402 09/112,788 ART64 PO9403 09/112,795 ART65 PO9405 09/112,749 ART66 PPO959 09/112,784 ART68 PP1397 09/112,783 ART69 PP2370 09/112,781 DOT01 PP2371 09/113,052 DOT02 PO8003 09/112,834 Fluid01 PO8005 09/113,103 Fluid02 PO9404 09/113,101 Fluid03 PO8066 09/112,751 IJ01 PO8072 09/112,787 IJ02 PO8040 09/112,802 IJ03 PO8071 09/112,803 IJ04 PO8047 09/113,097 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 09/113,084 IJ07 PO8063 09/113,066 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 09/112,779 IJ10 PO8069 09/113,077 IJ11 PO8049 09/113,061 1J12 PO8036 09/112,818 1J13 PO8048 09/112,816 1J14 PO8070 09/112,772 IJ15 PO8067 09/112,819 IJ16 PO8001 09/112,815 IJ17 PO8038 09/113,096 IJ18 PO8033 09/113,068 IJ19 PO8002 09/113,095 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 09/112,809 IJ22 PO8034 09/112,780 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 09/113,121 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 09/112,756 IJ31 PO9391 09/112,755 IJ32 PP0888 09/112,754 IJ33 PP0891 09/112,811 IJ34 PP0890 09/112,812 IJ35 PP0873 09/112,813 IJ36 PP0993 09/112,814 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 09/112,765 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 09/112,768 IJ41 PP3991 09/112,807 IJ42 PP3987 09/112,806 IJ43 PP3985 09/112,820 IJ44 PP3983 09/112,821 IJ45 PO7935 09/112,822 IJM01 PO7936 09/112,825 IJM02 PO7937 09/112,826 IJM03 PO8061 09/112,827 IJM04 PO8054 09/112,828 IJM05 PO8065 09/113,111 IJM06 PO8055 09/113,108 IJM07 PO8053 09/113,109 IJM08 PO8078 09/113,123 IJM09 PO7933 09/113,114 IJM10 PO7950 09/113,115 IJM11 PO7949 09/113,129 IJM12 PO8060 09/113,124 IJM13 PO8059 09/113,125 IJM14 PO8073 09/113,126 IJM15 PO8076 09/113,119 IJM16 PO8075 09/113,120 IJM17 PO8079 09/113,221 IJM18 PO8050 09/113,116 IJM19 PO8052 09/113,118 IJM20 PO7948 09/113,117 IJM21 PO7951 09/113,113 IJM22 PO8074 09/113,130 IJM23 PO7941 09/113,110 IJM24 PO8077 09/113,112 IJM25 PO8058 09/113,087 IJM26 PO8051 09/113,074 IJM27 PO8045 09/113,089 IJM28 PO7952 09/113,088 IJM29 PO8046 09/112,771 IJM30 PO9390 09/112,769 IJM31 PO9392 09/112,770 IJM32 PP0889 09/112,798 IJM35 PP0887 09/112,801 IJM36 PP0882 09/112,800 IJM37 PP0874 09/112,799 IJM38 PP1396 09/113,098 IJM39 PP3989 09/112,833 IJM40 PP2591 09/112,832 IJM41 PP3990 09/112,831 IJM42 PP3986 09/112,830 IJM43 PP3984 09/112,836 IJM44 PP3982 09/112,835 IJM45 PP0895 09/113,102 IR01 PP0870 09/113,106 IR02 PP0869 09/113,105 IR04 PP0887 09/113,104 IR05 PP0885 09/112,810 IR06 PP0884 09/112,766 IR10 PP0886 09/113,085 IR12 PP0871 09/113,086 IR13 PP0876 09/113,094 IR14 PP0877 09/112,760 IR16 PP0878 09/112,773 IR17 PP0879 09/112,774 IR18 PP0883 09/112,775 IR19 PP0880 09/112,745 IR20 PP0881 09/113,092 IR21 PO8006 09/113,100 MEMS02 PO8007 09/113,093 MEMS03 PO8008 09/113,062 MEMS04 PO8010 09/113,064 MEMS05 PO8011 09/113,082 MEMS06 PO7947 09/113,081 MEMS07 PO7944 09/113,080 MEMS09 PO7946 09/113,079 MEMS10 PO9393 09/113,065 MEMS11 PP0875 09/113,078 MEMS12 PP0894 09/113,075 MEMS13

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to ink jet printing and in particular discloses a gear driven shutter ink jet printer.

The present invention relates to the field of drop on demand ink jet printing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many different types of printing have been invented, a large number of which are presently in use. The known forms of print have a variety of methods for marking the print media with a relevant marking media. Commonly used forms of printing include offset printing, laser printing and copying devices, dot matrix type impact printers, thermal paper printers, film recorders, thermal wax printers, dye sublimation printers and ink jet printers both of the drop on demand and continuous flow type. Each type of printer has its own advantages and problems when considering cost, speed, quality, reliability, simplicity of construction and operation etc.

In recent years, the field of ink jet printing, wherein each individual pixel of ink is derived from one or more ink nozzles has become increasingly popular primarily due to its inexpensive and versatile nature.

Many different techniques on ink jet printing have been invented. For a survey of the field, reference is made to an article by J Moore, “Non-Impact Printing: Introduction and Historical Perspective”, Output Hard Copy Devices, Editors R Dubeck and S Sherr, pages 207 to 220 (1988).

Ink Jet printers themselves come in many different types. The utilisation of a continuous stream ink in ink jet printing appears to date back to at least 1929 wherein U.S. Pat. No. 1,941,001 by Hansell discloses a simple form of continuous stream electro-static ink jet printing.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,275 by Sweet also discloses a process of a continuous ink jet printing including the step wherein the ink jet stream is modulated by a high frequency electro-static field so as to cause drop separation. This technique is still used by several manufacturers including Elmjet and Scitex (see also U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,437 by Sweet et al).

Piezoelectric ink jet printers are also one form of commonly utilised ink jet printing device. Piezoelectric systems are disclosed by Kyser et. al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 (1970) which utilises a diaphragm mode of operation, by Zolten in U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,212 (1970) which discloses a squeeze mode of operation of a piezoelectric crystal, Stemme in U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 (1972) discloses a bend mode of piezoelectric operation, Howkins in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,601 discloses a piezoelectric push mode actuation of the ink jet stream and Fischbeck in U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,590 which discloses a sheer mode type of piezoelectric transducer element.

Recently, thermal ink jet printing has become an extremely popular form of ink jet printing. The ink jet printing techniques include those disclosed by Endo et al in GB 2007162 (1979) and Vaught et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,728. Both the aforementioned references disclosed ink jet printing techniques rely upon the activation of an electrothermal actuator which results in the creation of a bubble in a constricted space, such as a nozzle, which thereby causes the ejection of ink from an aperture connected to the confined space onto a relevant print media. Printing devices using the electro-thermal actuator are manufactured by manufacturers such as Canon and Hewlett Packard.

As can be seen from the foregoing, many different types of printing technologies are available. Ideally, a printing technology should have a number of desirable attributes. These include inexpensive construction and operation, high speed operation, safe and continuous long term operation etc. Each technology may have its own advantages and disadvantages in the areas of cost, speed, quality, reliability, power usage, simplicity of construction operation, durability and consumables.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, an ink jet nozzle is presented comprising a nozzle chamber having an ink ejection port, an ink supply reservoir for supplying ink to the nozzle chamber, and a shutter for opening and closing a fluid passage between the reservoir and the chamber so as to cause the ejection of ink from the ejection port. Further, the shutter includes a ratchet edge for driving the shutter to an open and closed position via the utilisation of an actuator driving means. Preferably, the driving means includes a gearing mechanism that results in a reduced driving frequency of the ratchet edge relative to the frequency of operation of the driving mechanism. The driving means includes using a conductive element in a static magnetic field to exert a force on a ratchet edge. Advantageously, the conductive elements in a magnetic field exerts a force on a cog of a gearing mechanism which is transfers the force on the ratchet edge of the shutter. The conductive elements includes a concertina structure designed to expand or contract upon movement of the conductive element. Preferably the shutter element includes a series of slots having corresponding retainers used in guiding the shutter between the reservoir and the nozzle chamber. The ink nozzle is constructed through the fabrication of an array of nozzles on a silicon wafer structure. The ink supply reservoir for the ink jet nozzle is preferably driven with an oscillating ink pressure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an alternative form of ink jet printing which relies upon a gear driven shutter mechanism to block or allow the ejection of ink from a nozzle chamber.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an ink jet nozzle comprising a nozzle chamber having an ink ejection port for the ejection of ink from the nozzle chamber an ink supply reservoir for supplying ink to the nozzle chamber, a shutter for opening and closing a fluid passage between the reservoir and chamber so as to cause the ejection of ink from the ink ejection port and the shutter includes a ratchet edge for dividing the shutter to an open or closed position via the utilisation of an actuator driven driving means. Further, the driving means includes a gearing means interconnected to a driving means wherein the gearing means results in a reduced driving frequency of the ratchet edge relative to the frequency of operation of the driving means. Preferably, the driving means includes a conductive element in a magnetic field to exert a force on the ratcheted edge and utilising a conductive element in a magnetic field to exert a force on a cog of a gearing mechanism with the gearing mechanism used to transfer the force on the ratchet edge. Advantageously, the conductive element includes a concertina structure designed to expand or contract upon movement of the conductive element. The shutter mechanism includes a series of slots having corresponding retainers to guide the shutter between the reservoir and the nozzle chamber and the shutter is formed through the fabrication of an array of nozzles on a silicon wafer structure. Preferably, the ink within the ink supply reservoir is driven with an oscillating ink pressure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cut-out top perspective view of the ink nozzle in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the shutter mechanism in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a top cross-sectional perspective view of the ink nozzle constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 provides a legend of the materials indicated in FIGS. 5 to 18; and

FIG. 5 to FIG. 19 illustrate sectional views of the manufacturing steps in one form of construction of an ink jet printhead nozzle.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

In the preferred embodiment, an ink jet nozzle chamber is provided having a shutter mechanism which open and closes over a nozzle chamber. The shutter mechanism includes a ratchet drive which slides open and close. The ratchet drive is driven by a gearing mechanism which in turn is driven by a drive actuator which is activated by passing an electric current through the drive actuator in a magnetic field. The actuator force is “geared down” so as to drive a ratchet and pawl mechanism to thereby open and shut the shutter over a nozzle chamber.

Turning to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a single nozzle arrangement 10 as shown in an open position. The nozzle arrangement 10 includes a nozzle chamber 12 having an anisotropic (111) crystallographic etched pit which is etched down to what is originally a boron doped buried epitaxial layer 13 which includes a nozzle rim 14 and a nozzle ejection port 15 which ejects ink. The ink flows in through a fluid passage 16 when the aperture 16 is open. The ink flowing through passage 16 flows from an ink reservoir which operates under an oscillating ink pressure. When the shutter is open, ink is ejected from the ink ejection port 15. The shutter mechanism includes a plate 17 which is driven via means of guide slots 18, 19 to a closed position. The driving of the nozzle plate is via a latch mechanism 20 with the plate structure being kept in a correct path by means of retainers 22 to 25.

The nozzle arrangement 10 can be constructed using a two level poly process which can be a standard micro-electro mechanical system production technique (MEMS). For a general introduction to a micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) reference is made to standard proceedings in this field including the proceedings of the SPIE (International Society for Optical Engineering), volumes 2642 and 2882 which contain the proceedings for recent advances and conferences in this field. The plate 17 can be constructed from a first level polysilicon and the retainers 22 to 25 can be constructed from a lower first level poly portion and a second level poly portion, as it is more apparent from the exploded perspective view illustrated in FIG. 2.

The bottom circuit of plate 17 includes a number of pits 27 which are provided on the bottom surface of plate 17 so as to reduce stiction effects.

The ratchet mechanism 20 is driven by a gearing arrangement which includes first gear wheel 30, second gear wheel 31 and third gear wheel 32. These gear wheels 30 to 32 are constructed using two level poly with each gear wheel being constructed around a corresponding central pivot 35 to 37. The gears 30 to 32 operate to gear down the ratchet speed with the gears being driven by a gear actuator mechanism 40.

Turning to FIG. 2 there is illustrated on exploded perspective a single nozzle chamber 10. The actuator 40 comprises mainly a copper circuit having a drive end 42 which engages and drives the cogs 43 of the gear wheel 32. The copper portion includes serpentine sections 45, 46 which concertina upon movement of the end 42. The end 42 is actuated by means of passing an electric current through the copper portions in the presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the surface of the wafer such that the interaction of the magnetic field and circuit result in a Lorenz force acting on the actuator 40 so as to move the end 42 to drive the cogs 43. The copper portions are mounted on aluminum disks 48, 49 which are connected to lower levels of circuitry on the wafer upon which actuator 40 is mounted.

Returning to FIG. 1, the actuator 40 can be driven at a high speed with the gear wheels 30 to 32 acting to gear down the high speed driving of actuator 40 so as to drive ratchet mechanism 20 open and closed on demand. Hence, when it is desired to eject a drop of ink from nozzle 15, the shutter is opened by means of driving actuator 40. Upon the next high pressure part of the oscillating pressure cycle, ink will be ejected from the nozzle 15. If no ink is to be ejected from a subsequent cycle, a second actuator 50 is utilised to drive the gear wheel in the opposite direction thereby resulting in the closing of the shutter plate 17 over the nozzle chamber 12 resulting in no ink being ejected in subsequent pressure cycles. The pits 27 act to reduce the forces required for driving the shutter plate 17 to an open and closed position.

Turning to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a top cross-sectional view illustrating the various layers making up a single nozzle chamber 10. The nozzle chambers can be formed as part of an array of nozzle chambers making up a single print head which in turn forms part of an array of print head fabricated on a semiconductor wafer in accordance with in accordance with the semiconductor wafer fabrication techniques well known to those skilled in the art of MEMS fabrication and construction.

The bottom boron layer 13 can be formed from the processing step of back etching a silicon wafer utilising a buried epitaxial boron doped layer as the etch stop. Further processing of the boron layer can be undertaken so as to define the nozzle hole 15 which can include a nozzle rim 14.

The next layer is a silicon layer 52 which normally sits on top of the boron doped layer 13. The silicon layer 52 includes an anisotropically etched pit 12 so as to define the structure of the nozzle chamber. On top of the silicon layer 52 is provided a glass layer 54 which includes the various electrical circuitry (not shown) for driving the actuators. The layer 54 is passivated by means of a nitride layer 56 which includes trenches 57 for passivating the side walls of glass layer 54.

On top of the passivation layer 56 is provided a first level polysilicon layer 58 which defines the shutter and various cog wheels. The second poly layer 59 includes the various retainer mechanisms and gear wheel 31. Next, a copper layer 60 is provided for defining the copper circuit actuator. The copper 60 is interconnected with lower portions of glass layer 54 for forming the circuit for driving the copper actuator.

The nozzle chamber 10 can be constructed using the standard MEMS processes including forming the various layers using the sacrificial material such as silicon dioxide and subsequently sacrificially etching the lower layers away.

Subsequently, wafers that contain a series of print heads can be diced into separate printheads mounted on a wall of an ink supply chamber having a piezo electric oscillator actuator for the control of pressure in the ink supply chamber. Ink is then ejected on demand by opening the shutter plate 17 during periods of high oscillation pressure so as to eject ink. The nozzles being actuated by means of placing the printhead in a strong magnetic field using permanent magnets or electromagnetic devices and driving current through the actuators e.g. 40, 50 as required to open and close the shutter and thereby eject drops of ink on demand.

One form of detailed manufacturing process which can be used to fabricate monolithic ink jet printheads operating in accordance with the principles taught by the present embodiment can proceed utilizing the following steps:

1. Using a double sided polished wafer deposit 3 microns of epitaxial silicon heavily doped with boron.

2. Deposit 10 microns of n/n+ epitaxial silicon. Note that the epitaxial layer is substantially thicker than required for CMOS. This is because the nozzle chambers are crystallographically etched from this layer. This step is shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 4 is a key to representations of various materials in these manufacturing diagrams. For clarity, these diagrams may not be to scale, and may not represent a cross section though any single plane of the nozzle.

3. Crystallographically etch the epitaxial silicon using, for example, KOH or EDP (ethylenediamine pyrocatechol) 70 using MEMS Mask 1. This mask defines the nozzle cavity. This etch stops on (111) crystallographic planes, and on the boron doped silicon buried layer. This step is shown in FIG. 6.

4. Deposit 12 microns of low stress sacrificial oxide. Planarize down to silicon using CMP. The sacrificial material temporarily fills the nozzle cavity. This step is shown in FIG. 7.

5. Begin fabrication of the drive transistors, data distribution, and timing circuits using a CMOS process. The MEMS processes which form the mechanical components of the inkjet are interleaved with the CMOS device fabrication steps. The example given here is of a 1 micron, 2 poly, 2 metal retrograde P-well process. The mechanical components are formed from the CMOS polysilicon layers. For clarity, the CMOS active components are omitted.

6. Grow the field oxide using standard LOCOS techniques to a thickness of 0.5 microns. As well as the isolation between transistors, the field oxide is used as a MEMS sacrificial layer, so inkjet mechanical details are incorporated in the active area mask. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 8.

7. Perform the PMOS field threshold implant. The MEMS fabrication has no effect on this step except in calculation of the total thermal budget.

8. Perform the retrograde P-well and NMOS threshold adjust implants using the P-well mask. The MEMS fabrication has no effect on this step except in calculation of the total thermal budget.

9. Perform the PMOS N-tub deep phosphorus punchthrough control implant and shallow boron implant. The MEMS fabrication has no effect on this step except in calculation of the total thermal budget.

10. Deposit and etch the first polysilicon layer. As well as gates and local connections, this layer includes the lower layer of MEMS components. This includes the lower layer of gears, the shutter, and the shutter guide. It is preferable that this layer be thicker than the normal CMOS thickness. A polysilicon thickness of 1 micron can be used. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 8.

11. Perform the NMOS lightly doped drain (LDD) implant. This process is unaltered by the inclusion of MEMS in the process flow.

12. Perform the oxide deposition and RIE etch for polysilicon gate sidewall spacers. This process is unaltered by the inclusion of MEMS in the process flow.

13. Perform the NMOS source/drain implant. The extended high temperature anneal time to reduce stress in the two polysilicon layers must be taken into account in the thermal budget for diffusion of this implant. Otherwise, there is no effect from the MEMS portion of the chip.

14. Perform the PMOS source/drain implant. As with the NMOS source/drain implant, the only effect from the MEMS portion of the chip is on thermal budget for diffusion of this implant.

15. Deposit 1 micron of glass 72 as the first interlevel dielectric and etch using the CMOS contacts mask. The CMOS mask for this level also contains the pattern for the MEMS inter-poly sacrificial oxide. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 9.

16. Deposit and etch the second polysilicon layer 59. As well as CMOS local connections, this layer includes the upper layer of MEMS components. This includes the upper layer of gears and the shutter guides. A polysilicon thickness of 1 micron can be used. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 10.

17. Deposit 1 micron of glass 73 as the second interlevel dielectric and etch using the CMOS via 1 mask. The CMOS mask for this level also contains the pattern for the MEMS actuator contacts.

18. Metal 1 74 deposition and etch. Metal 1 should be non-corrosive in water, such as gold or platinum, if it is to be used as the Lorenz actuator. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 11.

19. Third interlevel dielectric deposition 75 and etch as shown in FIG. 12. This is the standard CMOS third interlevel dielectric. The mask pattern includes complete coverage of the MEMS area.

20. Metal 2 deposition and etch. This is the standard CMOS metal 2. The mask pattern includes no metal 2 in the MEMS area.

21. Deposit 0.5 microns of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) 76 and etch using MEMS Mask 2. This mask defines the region of sacrificial oxide etch performed in step 26. The silicon nitride aperture is substantially undersized, as the sacrificial oxide etch is isotropic. The CMOS devices must be located sufficiently far from the MEMS devices that they are not affected by the sacrificial oxide etch. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 13.

22. Mount the wafer on a glass blank 77 and back-etch the wafer using KOH with no mask. This etch thins the wafer and stops at the buried boron doped silicon layer. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 14.

23. Plasma back-etch the boron doped silicon layer to a depth of 1 micron using MEMS Mask 3. This mask defines the nozzle rim 74. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 15.

24. Plasma back-etch through the boron doped layer using MEMS Mask 4. This mask defines the nozzle, and the edge of the chips. At this stage, the chips are separate, but are still mounted on the glass blank. The MEMS features of this step are shown in FIG. 16.

25. Detach the chips from the glass blank. Strip the adhesive. This step is shown in FIG. 17.

26. Etch the sacrificial oxide using vapor phase etching (VPE) using an anhydrous HF/methanol vapor mixture. The use of a dry etch avoids problems with stiction. This step is shown in FIG. 18.

27. Mount the printheads in their packaging, which may be a molded plastic former incorporating ink channels which supply different colors of ink to the appropriate regions of the front surface of the wafer. The package also includes a piezoelectric actuator attached to the rear of the ink channels. The piezoelectric actuator provides the oscillating ink pressure required for the ink jet operation. The package also contains the permanent magnets which provide the 1 Tesla magnetic field for the Lorenz actuators formed of metal 1.

28. Connect the printheads to their interconnect systems.

29. Hydrophobize the front surface of the print heads.

30. Fill the completed printheads with ink and test them. A filled nozzle is shown in FIG. 19.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The presently disclosed ink jet printing technology is potentially suited to a wide range of printing systems including: color and monochrome office printers, short run digital printers, high speed digital printers, offset press supplemental printers, low cost scanning printers, high speed pagewidth printers, notebook computers with in-built pagewidth printers, portable color and monochrome printers, color and monochrome copiers, color and monochrome facsimile machines, combined printer, facsimile and copying machines, label printers, large format plotters, photograph copiers, printers for digital photographic ‘minilabs’, video printers, PhotoCD (PHOTO CD is a registered trade mark of the Eastman Kodak Company) printers, portable printers for PDAs, wallpaper printers, indoor sign printers, billboard printers, fabric printers, camera printers and fault tolerant commercial printer arrays.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per printhead, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth printheads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems.

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the printhead is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the printhead is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest printhead designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The printheads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the printhead by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The printhead is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above which matches the docket numbers in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into ink jet printheads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

Description  Advantages  Disadvantages  Examples ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Thermal An electrothermal ♦ Large force ♦ High power ♦ Canon Bubblejet 1979 bubble heater heats the ink generated ♦ Ink carrier limited Endo et al GB patent to above boiling ♦ Simple to water 2,007,162 point, transferring construction ♦ Low efficiency ♦ Xerox heater-in-pit significant heat to ♦ No moving ♦ High temperatures 1990 Hawkins et al the aqueous ink. A parts required U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 bubble nucleates ♦ Fast operation ♦ High mechanical ♦ Hewlett-Packard TIJ and quickly forms, ♦ Small chip area stress 1982 Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No. expelling the ink. required for ♦ Unusual materials 4,490,728 The efficiency of the actuator required process is low, with ♦ Large drive typically less than transistors 0.05% of the ♦ Cavitation causes electrical energy actuator failure being transformed ♦ Kogation reduces into kinetic energy bubble formation of the drop. ♦ Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezo- A piezoelectric ♦ Low power ♦ Very large area ♦ Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No. electric crystal such as lead consumption required for 3,946,398 lanthanum zirconate ♦ Many ink types actuator ♦ Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,212 (PZT) is electrically can be used ♦ Difficult to ♦ 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. activated, and either ♦ Fast operation integrate with 3,747,120 expands, shears, or ♦ High efficiency electronics ♦ Epson Stylus bends to apply ♦ High voltage drive ♦ Tektronix pressure to the ink, transistors ♦ IJ04 ejecting drops. required ♦ Full pagewidth print heads impractical due to actuator size ♦ Requires electrical poling in high field strengths during manufacture Electro- An electric field is ♦ Low power ♦ Low maximum ♦ Seiko Epson, Usui et all strictive used to activate consumption strain (approx. JP 253401/96 electrostriction in ♦ Many ink types 0.01%) ♦ IJ04 relaxor materials can be used ♦ Large area such as lead ♦ Low thermal required for lanthanum zirconate expansion actuator due to titanate (PLZT) or ♦ Electric field low strain lead magnesium strength ♦ Response speed is niobate (PMN). required marginal (˜10 μs) (approx. 3.5 ♦ High voltage drive V/μm) can be transistors generated required without ♦ Full pagewidth difficulty print heads ♦ Does not impractical due to require actuator size electrical poling Ferro- An electric field is ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to ♦ IJ04 electric used to induce a consumption integrate with phase transition ♦ Many ink types electronics between the can be used ♦ Unusual materials antiferroelectric ♦ Fast operation such as PLZSnT (AFE) and (<1 μs) are required ferroelectric (FE) ♦ Relatively high ♦ Actuators require phase. Perovskite longitudinal a large area materials such as tin strain modified lead ♦ High efficiency lanthanum zirconate ♦ Electric field titanate (PLZSnT) strength of exhibit large strains around 3 V/μm of up to 1% can be readily associated with the provided AFE to FE phase transition. Electro- Conductive plates ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to ♦ IJ02, IJ04 static are separated by a consumption operate plates compressible or ♦ Many ink types electrostatic fluid dielectric can be used devices in an (usually air). Upon ♦ Fast operation aqueous application of a environment voltage, the plates ♦ The electrostatic attract each other actuator will and displace ink, normally need to causing drop be separated from ejection. The the ink conductive plates ♦ Very large area may be in a comb or required to honeycomb achieve high structure, or stacked forces to increase the ♦ High voltage drive surface area and transistors may be therefore the force. required ♦ Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electro- A strong electric ♦ Low current ♦ High voltage ♦ 1989 Saito et al, U.S. Pat. No. static pull field is applied to consumption required 4,799,068 on ink the ink, whereupon ♦ Low ♦ May be damaged ♦ 1989 Miura et al, U.S. Pat. No. electrostatic temperature by sparks due to 4,810,954 attraction air breakdown ♦ Tone-jet accelerates the ink ♦ Required field towards the print strength increases medium. as the drop size decreases ♦ High voltage drive transistors required ♦ Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet ♦ Low power ♦ Complex ♦ IJ07, IJ10 magnet directly attracts a consumption fabrication electro- permanent magnet, ♦ Many ink types ♦ Permanent magnetic displacing ink and can be used magnetic material causing drop ♦ Fast operation such as ejection. Rare earth ♦ High efficiency Neodymium Iron magnets with a field ♦ Easy extension Boron (NdFeB) strength around 1 from single required. Tesla can be used. nozzles to ♦ High local Examples are: pagewidth print currents required Samarium Cobalt heads ♦ Copper (SaCo) and metalization magnetic materials should be used for in the neodymium long iron boron family electromigration (NdFeB, lifetime and low NdDyFeBNb, resistivity NdDyFeB, etc) ♦ Pigmented inks are usually infeasible ♦ Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft A solenoid induced ♦ Low power ♦ Complex ♦ IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, magnetic a magnetic field in a consumption fabrication IJ10, IJ12, IJ14, core soft magnetic core ♦ Many ink types ♦ Materials not IJ15. IJ17 electro- or yoke fabricated can be used usually present in magnetic from a ferrous ♦ Fast operation a CMOS fab such material such as ♦ High efficiency as NiFe, CoNiFe, electroplated iron ♦ Easy extension or CoFe are alloys such as from single required CoNiFe [1], CoFe, nozzles to ♦ High local or NiFe alloys. pagewidth print currents required Typically, the soft heads ♦ Copper magnetic material is ♦ metalization in two parts, which should be used for are normally held long apart by a spring. electromigration when the solenoid lifetime and low is actuated, the two resistivity parts attract, ♦ Electroplating is displacing the ink. required ♦ High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Lorenz The Lorenz force ♦ Low power ♦ Force acts as a ♦ IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, force acting on a current consumption twisting motion IJ16 carrying wire in a ♦ Many ink types ♦ Typically, only a magnetic field is can be used quarter of the utilized. ♦ Fast operation solenoid length This allows the ♦ High efficiency provides force in a magnetic field to be ♦ Easy extension useful direction supplied externally from single ♦ High local to the print head, for nozzles to currents required example with rare pagewidth print ♦ Copper earth permanent heads metalization magnets. should be used for Only the current long carrying wire need electromigration be fabricated on the lifetime and low print-head, resistivity simplifying ♦ Pigmented inks materials are usually requirements. infeasible Magneto- The actuator uses ♦ Many ink types ♦ Force acts as a ♦ Fischenbeck, U.S. Pat. No. striction the giant can be used twisting motion 4,032,929 magnetostrictive ♦ Fast operation ♦ Unusual materials ♦ IJ25 effect of materials ♦ Easy extension such as Terfenol- such as Terfenol-D from single D are required (an alloy of terbium, nozzles to ♦ High local dysprosium and iron pagewidth print currents required developed at the heads ♦ Copper Naval Ordnance ♦ High force is metalization Laboratory, hence available should be used for Ter-Fe-NOL). For long best efficiency, the electromigration actuator should be lifetime and low pre-stressed to resistivity approx. 8 MPa. ♦ Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive ♦ Low power ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 tension pressure is held in a consumption supplementary and related reduction nozzle by surface ♦ Simple force to effect patent applications tension. The surface construction drop separation tension of the ink is ♦ No unusual ♦ Requires special reduced below the materials ink surfactants bubble threshold, required in ♦ Speed may be causing the ink to fabrication limited by egress from the ♦ High efficiency surfactant nozzle. ♦ Easy extension properties from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is ♦ Simple ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 reduction locally reduced to construction supplementary and related select which drops ♦ No unusual force to effect patent applications are to be ejected. A materials drop separation viscosity reduction required in ♦ Requires special can be achieved fabrication ink viscosity electrothermally ♦ Easy extension properties with most inks, but from single ♦ High speed is special inks can be nozzles to difficult to achieve engineered for a pagewidth print ♦ Requires 100:1 viscosity heads oscillating ink reduction. pressure ♦ A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is ♦ Can operate ♦ Complex drive ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et al, generated and without a nozzle circuitry EUP 550,192 focussed upon the plate ♦ Complex ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, EUP drop ejection region. fabrication 572,220 ♦ Low efficiency ♦ Poor control of drop position ♦ Poor control of drop volume Thermo- An actuator which ♦ Low power ♦ Efficient aqueous ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, elastic relies upon consumption operation requires IJ18, IJ19, IJ20, bend differential thermal ♦ Many ink types a thermal insulator IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, actuator expansion upon can be used on the hot side IJ24, IJ27, IJ28, Joule heating is ♦ Simple planar ♦ Corrosion IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, used. fabrication prevention can be IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, ♦ Small chip area difficult IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, required for ♦ Pigmented inks IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, each actuator may be infeasible, IJ41 ♦ Fast operation as pigment ♦ High efficiency particles may jam ♦ CMOS the bend actuator compatible voltages and currents ♦ Standard MEMS processes can be used ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very ♦ High force can ♦ Requires special ♦ IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, thermo- high coefficient of be generated material (e.g. PTFE) IJ20, IJ21, IJ22, elastic thermal expansion ♦ Three methods of ♦ Requires a PTFE IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, actuator (CTE) such as PTFE deposition are deposition IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, polytetrafluoroethyl- under process, which is IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, ene (PTFE) is used. development: not yet standard in IJ44 As high CTE chemical vapor ULSI fabs materials are usually deposition ♦ PTFE deposition non-conductive, a (CVD), spin cannot be heater fabricated coating, and followed with from a conductive evaporation high temperature material is ♦ PTFE is a (above 350° C.) incorporated. A 50 candidate for processing μm long PTFE bend low dielectric ♦ Pigmented inks actuator with constant may be infeasible, polysilicon heater insulation in as pigment and 15 mW power ULSI particles may jam input can provide ♦ Very low power the bend actuator 180 μN force and 10 consumption μm deflection. ♦ Many ink types Actuator motions can be used include: ♦ Simple planar Bend fabrication Push ♦ Small chip area Buckle required for Rotate each actuator ♦ Fast operation ♦ High efficiency ♦ CMOS compatible voltages and currents ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conduct- A polymer with a ♦ High force can ♦ Requires special ♦ IJ24 ive high coefficient of be generated materials polymer thermal expansion ♦ Very low power development thermo- (such as PTFE) is consumption (High CTh elastic doped with ♦ Many ink types conductive actuator conducting can be used polymer) substances to ♦ Simple planar ♦ Requires a PTFE increase its fabrication deposition conductivity to ♦ Small chip area process, which is about 3 orders of required for not yet standard in magnitude below each actuator ULSI fabs that of copper. The ♦ Fast operation ♦ PTFE deposition conducting polymer ♦ High efficiency cannot be expands when ♦ CMOS followed with resistively heated. compatible high temperature Examples of voltages and currents (above 350° C.) conducting dopants ♦ Easy extension processing include: from single ♦ Evaporation and Carbon nanotubes nozzles to CVD deposition Metal fibers pagewidth print techniques cannot Conductive heads be used polymers such as ♦ Pigmented inks doped may be infeasibie, polythiophene as pigment Carbon granules particles may jam the bend actuator Shape A shape memory ♦ High force is ♦ Fatigue limits ♦ IJ26 memory alloy such as TiNi available maximum number alloy (also known as (stresses of of cycles Nitinol - Nickel hundreds of ♦ Low strain (1%) is Titanium ailoy MPa) required to extend developed at the ♦ Large strain is fatigue resistance Naval Ordnance available (more ♦ Cycle rate limited Laboratory) is than 3%) by heat removal thermally switched ♦ High corrosion ♦ Requires unusual between its weak resistance materials (TiNi) martensitic state and ♦ Simple ♦ The latent heat of its high stiffness construction transformation austenic state. The ♦ Easy extension must be provided shape of the actuator from single ♦ High current in its martensitic nozzles to operation state is deformed pagewidth print ♦ Requires pre- relative to the heads stressing to distort austenic shape. The ♦ Low voltage the martensitic shape change causes operation state ejection of a drop. Linear Linear magnetic ♦ Linear Magnetic ♦ Requires unusual ♦ IJ12 Magnetic actuators include the actuators can he semiconductor Actuator Linear Induction constructed with materials such as Actuator (LIA), high thrust, long soft magnetic Linear Permanent travel, and high alloys (e.g. Magnet efficiency using CoNiFe) Synchronous planar ♦ Some varieties Actuator (LPMSA), semiconductor also require Linear Reluctance fabrication permanent Synchronous techniques magnetic Actuator (LRSA), ♦ Long actuator materials such as Linear Switched travel is Neodymium iron Reluctance Actuator available boron (NdFeB) (LSRA), and the ♦ Medium force is ♦ Requires complex Linear Stepper available multi-phase drive Actuator (LSA). ♦ Low voltage circuitry operation ♦ High current operation BASIC OPERATION MODE Actuator This is the simplest ♦ Simple ♦ Drop repetition ♦ Thermal ink jet directly mode of operation: operation rate is usually ♦ Piezoelectric ink jet pushes ink the actuator directly ♦ No external limited to around ♦ IJ01. IJ02, IJ03, supplies sufficient fields required 10 kHz. IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, kinetic energy to ♦ Satellite drops However, this is IJ07, IJ09, IJ11, expel the drop. The can be avoided not fundamental IJ12, IJ14, IJ16, drop must have a if drop velocity to the method, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, sufficient velocity to is less than 4 but is related to IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, overcome the m/s the refill method IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, surface tension. ♦ Can be efficient, normally used IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, depending upon ♦ All of the drop IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, the actuator kinetic energy IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, used must be provided IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, by the actuator IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 ♦ Satellite drops usually form if drop velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s Proximity The drops to be ♦ Very simple ♦ Requires close ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 printed are selected print head proximity and related by some manner fabrication can between the print patent applications (e.g. thermally be used head and the induced surface ♦ The drop print media or tension reduction of selection means transfer roller pressurized ink). does not need to ♦ May require two Selected drops are provide the print heads separated from the energy required printing alternate ink in the nozzle by to separate the rows of the contact with the drop from the image print medium or a nozzle ♦ Monolithic color transfer roller. print heads are difficult Electro- The drops to be ♦ Very simple ♦ Requires very ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 static pull printed are selected print head high electrostatic and related on ink by some manner fabrication can field patent applications (e.g. thermally be used ♦ Electrostatic field ♦ Tone-Jet induced surface ♦ The drop for small nozzle tension reduction of selection means sizes is above air pressurized ink). does not need to breakdown Selected drops are provide the ♦ Electrostatic field separated from the energy required may attract dust ink in the nozzle by to separate the a strong electric drop from the field. nozzle Magnetic The drops to be ♦ Very simpie ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 pull on ink printed are selected print head magnetic ink and related by some manner fabrication can ♦ Ink colors other patent applications (e.g. thermally be used than black are induced surface ♦ The drop difficult tension reduction of selection means ♦ Requires very pressurized ink). does not need to high magnetic Selected drops are provide the fields separated from the energy required ink in the nozzle by to separate the a strong magnetic drop from the field acting on the nozzle magnetic ink. Shutter The actuator moves ♦ High speed ♦ Moving parts are ♦ IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 a shutter to block (>50 kHz) required ink flow to the operation can be ♦ Requires ink nozzle. The ink achieved due to pressure pressure is pulsed at reduced refill modulator a multiple of the time ♦ Friction and wear drop ejection ♦ Drop timing can must be frequency. be very accurate considered ♦ The actuator ♦ Stiction is energy can be possible very low Shuttered The actuator moves ♦ Actuators with ♦ Moving parts are ♦ IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, grill a shutter to block small travel can required IJ19 ink flow through a be used ♦ Requires ink grill to the nozzle. ♦ Actuators with pressure The shutter small force can modulator movement need be used ♦ Friction and wear only be equal to the ♦ High speed must be width of the grill (>50 kHz) considered holes. operation can be ♦ Stiction is achieved possible Pulsed A pulsed magnetic ♦ Extremely low ♦ Requires an ♦ IJ10 magnetic field attracts an ‘ink energy external pulsed pull on ink pusher’ at the drop operation is magnetic field pusher ejection frequency. possible ♦ Requires special An actuator controls ♦ No heat materials for both a catch, which dissipation the actuator and prevents the ink problems the ink pusher pusher from moving ♦ Complex when a drop is not construction to be ejected. AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) None The actuator directly ♦ Simplicity of ♦ Drop ejection ♦ Most ink jets, including fires the ink drop, construction energy must be piezoelectric and thermal and there is no ♦ Simplicity of supplied by bubble. external field or operation individual nozzle ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, other mechanism ♦ Small physical actuator IJ04, IJ05, IJ07, required. size IJ09, IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Oscillating The ink pressure ♦ Oscillating ink ♦ Requires external ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 ink oscillates, providing pressure can ink pressure and related pressure much of the drop provide a refill osciilator patent applications (including ejection energy. The pulse, allowing ♦ Ink pressure ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, acoustic actuator selects higher operating phase and IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, stimu- which drops are to speed amplitude must IJ21 lation) be fired by ♦ The actuators be carefully selectively blocking may operate controlled or enabling nozzles. with much ♦ Acoustic The ink pressure lower energy reflections in the oscillation may be ♦ Acoustic lenses ink chamber achieved by can be used to must be designed vibrating the print focus the sound for head, or preferably on the nozzles by an actuator in the ink supply. Media The print head is ♦ Low power ♦ Precision ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 proximity placed in close ♦ High accuracy assembly and related proximity to the ♦ Simple print required patent applications print medium. head ♦ Paper fibers may Selected drops construction cause problems protrude from the ♦ Cannot print on print head further rough substrates than unselected drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer Drops are printed to ♦ High accuracy ♦ Bulky ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 roller a transfer roller ♦ Wide range of ♦ Expensive and related instead of straight to print substrates ♦ Complex patent applications the print medium. A can be used construction ♦ Tektronix hot melt transfer roller can ♦ Ink can be dried piezoelectric ink jet also be used for on the transfer ♦ Any of the IJ series proximity drop roller separation. Electro- An electric field is ♦ Low power ♦ Field strength ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 static used to accelerate ♦ Simple pnnt required for and related selected drops head separation of patent applications towards the print construction small drops is ♦ Tone-Jet medium. near or above air breakdown Direct A magnetic field is ♦ Low power ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 magnetic used to accelerate ♦ Simple print magnetic ink and related field selected drops of head ♦ Requires strong patent applications magnetic ink construction magnetic field towards the print medium. Cross The print head is ♦ Does not ♦ Requires external ♦ IJ06, IJ16 magnetic placed in a constant require magnet field magnetic field. The magnetic ♦ Current densities Lorenz force in a materials to be may be high, current carrying integrated in the resulting in wire is used to move print head electromigration the actuator. manufacturing problems process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic ♦ Very low power ♦ Complex print ♦ IJ10 magnetic field is used to operation is head construction field cyclically attract a possible ♦ Magnetic paddle, which ♦ Small print head materials pushes on the ink. A size required in print small actuator head moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving. ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD None No actuator ♦ Operational ♦ Many actuator ♦ Thermal Bubble Ink jet mechanical simplicity mechanisms ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, amplification is have IJ07, IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 used. The actuator insufficient directly drives the travel, or drop ejection insufficient process. force, to efficiently drive the drop ejection process Differential An actuator material ♦ Provides greater ♦ High stresses ♦ Piezoelectric expansion expands more on travel in a are involved ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, bend one side than on the reduced print ♦ Care must be IJ18, IJ19, IJ20, actuator other. The head area taken that the IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, expansion may be materials do not IJ24, IJ27, IJ29, thermal, delaminate IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, piezoelectric, ♦ Residual bend IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, magnetostrictive, or resulting from IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, other mechanism. high IJ39, IJ42, IJ43, The bend actuator temperature or IJ44 converts a high high stress force low travel during actuator mechanism formation to high travel, lower force mechanism. Transient A trilayer bend ♦ Very good ♦ High stresses ♦ IJ40, IJ41 bend actuator where the temperature are involved actuator two outside layers stability ♦ Care must be are identical. This ♦ High speed, as a taken that the cancels bend due to new drop can be materials do not ambient temperature fired before heat delaminate and residual stress. dissipates The actuator only ♦ Cancels residual responds to transient stress of heating of one side formation or the other. Reverse The actuator loads a ♦ Better coupling ♦ Fabrication ♦ IJ05, IJ11 spring spring. When the to the ink complexity actuator is turned ♦ High stress in off, the spring the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Actuator A series of thin ♦ Increased travel ♦ Increased ♦ Some piezoelectric ink stack actuators are ♦ Reduced drive fabrication jets stacked. This can be voltage complexity ♦ IJ04 appropriate where ♦ Increased actuators require possibility of high electric field short circuits strength, such as due to pinholes electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller ♦ Increases the ♦ Actuator forces ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, actuators actuators are used force available may not add IJ20, IJ22, IJ28, simultaneously to from an actuator linearly, IJ42, IJ43 move the ink. Each ♦ Multiple reducing actuator need actuators can be efficiency provide only a positioned to portion of the force control ink flow required. accurately Linear A linear spring is ♦ Matches low ♦ Requires print ♦ IJ15 Spring used to transform a travel actuator head area for motion with small with higher the spring travel and high force travel into a longer travel, requirements lower force motion. ♦ Non-contact method of motion transformation Coiled A bend actuator is ♦ Increases travel ♦ Generally ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, actuator coiled to provide ♦ Reduces chip restricted to IJ35 greater travel in a area planar reduced chip area. ♦ Planar implementations implementations due to extreme are relatively fabrication easy to difficulty in fabricate. other orientations. Flexure A bend actuator has ♦ Simple means ♦ Care must be ♦ IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 bend a small region near of increasing taken not to actuator the fixture point, travel of a bend exceed the which flexes much actuator elastic limit in more readily than the flexure area the remainder of the ♦ Stress actuator. The distribution is actuator flexing is very uneven effectively ♦ Difficult to converted from an accurately even coiling to an model with angular bend, finite element resulting in greater analysis travel of the actuator tip. Catch The actuator ♦ Very low ♦ Complex ♦ IJ10 controls a small actuator energy construction catch. The catch ♦ Very small ♦ Requires either enables or actuator size external force disables movement ♦ Unsuitable for of an ink pusher that pigmented inks is controlled in a bulk manner. Gears Gears can be used to ♦ Low force, low ♦ Moving parts ♦ IJ13 increase travel at the travel actuators are required expense of duration. can he used ♦ Several actuator Circular gears, rack ♦ Can be cycles are and pinion, ratchets, fabricated using required and other gearing standard surface ♦ More complex methods can be MEMS drive electronics used. processes ♦ Complex constrtiction ♦ Friction, friction, and wear are possible Buckle A buckle plate can ♦ Very fast ♦ Must stay ♦ S. Hirata et al, “An Ink-jet plate be used to change a movement within elastic Head Using Diaphragm slow actuator into a achievable limits of the Microactuator”, Proc. fast motion. It can materials for IEEE MEMS, Feb. 1996, also convert a high long device life pp 418-423. force, low travel ♦ High stresses ♦ IJ18, IJ27 actuator into a high involved travel, medium force ♦ Generally high motion. power requirement Tapered A tapered magnetic ♦ Linearizes the ♦ Complex ♦ IJ14 magnetic pole can increase magnetic construction pole travel at the expense force/distance of force. curve Lever A lever and fulcrum ♦ Matches low ♦ High stress ♦ IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 is used to transform travel actuator around the a motion with small with higher fulcrum travel and high force travel into a motion with requirements longer travel and ♦ Fulcrum area lower force. The has no linear lever can also movement, and reverse the direction can be used for of travel. a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is ♦ High ♦ Complex ♦ IJ28 impeller connected to a mechanical construction rotary impeller. A advantage ♦ Unsuitable for small angular ♦ The ratio of pigmented inks deflection of the force to travel actuator results in a of the actuator rotation of the can be matched impeller vanes, to the nozzle which push the ink requirements by against stationary varying the vanes and out of the number of nozzle. impeller vanes Acoustic A refractive or ♦ No moving ♦ Large area ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et al, lens diffractive (e.g. zone parts required EUP 550,192 plate) acoustic lens ♦ Only relevant ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, EUP is used to for acoustic ink 572,220 concentrate sound jets waves. Sharp A sharp point is ♦ Simple ♦ Difficult to ♦ Tone-jet conductive used to concentrate construction fabricate using point an electrostatic field. standard VLSI processes for a surface ejecting ink-jet ♦ Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets ACTUATOR MOTION Volume The volume of the ♦ Simple ♦ High energy is ♦ Hewlett-Packard Thermal expansion actuator changes, construction in typically Ink jet pushing the ink in the case of required to ♦ Canon Bubblejet all directions. thermal ink jet achieve volume expansion. This leads to thermal stress, cavitation, and kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, The actuator moves ♦ Efficient ♦ High fabrication ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, normal to in a direction normal coupling to ink complexity may IJ07, IJ11, IJ14 chip to the print head drops ejected be required to surface surface. The nozzle normal to the achieve is typically in the surface perpendicular line of movement. motion Parallel to The actuator moves ♦ Suitable for ♦ Fabrication ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, chip parallel to the print planar complexity IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, surface head surface. Drop fabrication ♦ Friction IJ36 ejection may still be ♦ Stiction normal to the surface. Membrane An actuator with a ♦ The effective ♦ Fabrication ♦ 1982 Howkins U.S. Pat. No. push high force but small area of the complexity 4,459,601 area is used to push actuator ♦ Actuator size a stiff membrane becomes the ♦ Difficulty of that is in contact membrane area integration in a with the ink. VLSI process Rotary The actuator causes ♦ Rotary levers ♦ Device ♦ IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, the rotation of some may be used to complexity IJ28 element, such a grill increase travel ♦ May have or impeller ♦ Small chip area friction at a requirements pivot point Bend The actuator bends ♦ A very small ♦ Requires the ♦ 1970 Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No. when energized. change in actuator to be 3,946,398 This may be due to dimensions can made from at ♦ 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. differential thermal be converted to least two 3,747,120 expansion, a large motion. distinct layers, ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, piezoelectric or to have a IJ19, IJ23, IJ24, expansion, thermal IJ25, IJ29, IJ30, magnetostriction, or difference IJ31, IJ33, IJ34, other form of across the IJ35 relative dimensional actuator change. Swivel The actuator swivels ♦ Allows ♦ Inefficient ♦ IJ06 around a central operation where coupling to the pivot. This motion is the net linear ink motion suitable where there force on the are opposite forces paddle is zero applied to opposite ♦ Small chip area sides of the paddle, requirements e.g. Lorenz force. Straighten The actuator is ♦ Can be used ♦ Requires careful ♦ IJ26, IJ32 normally bent, and with shape balance of straightens when memory alloys stresses to energized. where the ensure that the austenic phase quiescent bend is planar is accurate Double The actuator bends ♦ One actuator ♦ Difficult to ♦ IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 bend in one direction can be used to make the drops when one element is power two ejected by both energized, and nozzles. bend directions bends the other way ♦ Reduced chip identical. when another size. ♦ A small element is ♦ Not sensitive to efficiency loss energized. ambient compared to temperature equivalent single bend actuators. Shear Energizing the ♦ Can increase the ♦ Not readily ♦ 1985 Fishbeck U.S. Pat. No. actuator causes a effective travel applicable to 4,584,590 shear motion in the of piezoelectric other actuator actuator material. actuators mechanisms Radial The actuator ♦ Relatively easy ♦ High force ♦ 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. con- squeezes an ink to fabricate required 3,683,212 striction reservoir, forcing single nozzles ♦ Inefficient ink from a from glass ♦ Difficult to constricted nozzle. tubing as integrate with macroscopic VLSI processes stractures Coil/ A coiled actuator ♦ Easy to ♦ Difficult to ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, uncoil uncoils or coils fabricate as a fabricate for IJ35 more tightly. The planar VLSI non-planar motion of the free process devices end of the actuator ♦ Small area ♦ Poor out-of- ejects the ink. required, plane stiffness therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows ♦ Can increase the ♦ Maximum ♦ IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 (or buckles) in the speed of travel travel is middle when ♦ Mechanically constrained energized. rigid ♦ High force required Push-Pull Two actuators ♦ The structure is ♦ Not readily ♦ IJ18 control a shutter. pinned at both suitable for ink One actuator pulls ends, so has a jets which the shutter, and the high out-of- directly push other pushes it. plane rigidity the ink Curl A set of actuators ♦ Good fluid flow ♦ Design ♦ IJ20, IJ42 inwards curl inwards to to the region complexity reduce the volume behind the of ink that they actuator enclose. increases efficiency Curl A set of actuators ♦ Relatively ♦ Relatively large ♦ IJ43 outwards curl outwards, simple chip area pressurizing ink in a construction chamber surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes ♦ High efficiency ♦ High fabrication ♦ IJ22 enclose a volume of ♦ Small chip area complexity ink. These ♦ Not suitable for simultaneously pigmented inks rotate, reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator ♦ The actuator ♦ Large area ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et al, vibration vibrates at a high can be required for EUP 550,192 frequency physically efficient ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, EUP distant from the operation at 572,220 ink useful frequencies ♦ Acoustic coupling and crosstalk ♦ Complex drive circuitry ♦ Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet ♦ No moving ♦ Various other ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 designs the actuator parts tradeoffs are and related patent does not move. required to applications eliminate ♦ Tone-jet moving parts NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Surface This is the normal ♦ Fabrication ♦ Low speed ♦ Thermal ink jet tension way that inkjets are simplicity ♦ Surface tension ♦ Piezoelectric ink jet refilled. After the ♦ Operational force relatively ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ10- actuator is energized, simplicity small IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, it typically returns compared to IJ22-IJ45 rapidly to its normal actuator force position. This rapid ♦ Long refill return sucks in air time usually through the nozzle dominates the opening. The ink total repetition surface tension at the rate nozzle then exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. This force refills the nozzle. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle ♦ High speed ♦ Requires ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, oscillating chamber is provided ♦ Low actuator common ink IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, ink at a pressure that energy, as the pressure IJ21 pressure oscillates at twice the actuator need oscillator drop ejection only open or ♦ May not be frequency. When a close the suitable for drop is to be ejected, shutter, instead pigmented inks the shutter is opened of ejecting the for 3 half cycles: ink drop drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. The shutter is then closed to prevent the nozzle chamber emptying during the Refill After the main ♦ High speed, as ♦ Requires two ♦ IJ09 actuator actuator has ejected a the nozzle is independent drop a second (refill) actively actuators per actuator is energized. refilled nozzle The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive The ink is held a ♦ High refill rate, ♦ Surface spill ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 ink slight positive therefore a must be and related patent pressure pressure. After the high drop prevented applications ink drop is ejected, repetition rate ♦ Highly ♦ Alternative for: the nozzle chamber is possible hydrophobic IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14, fllls quickly as print head IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 surface tension and surfaces are ink pressure both required operate to refill the nozzle. METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Long inlet The ink inlet ♦ Design ♦ Restricts refill ♦ Thermal ink jet channel channel to the simplicity rate ♦ Piezoelectric ink jet nozzle chamber is ♦ Operational ♦ May result in a ♦ IJ42, IJ43 made long and simplicity relatively large relatively narrow, ♦ Reduces chip area relying on viscous crosstalk ♦ Only partially drag to reduce inlet effective back-flow. Positive The ink is under a ♦ Drop selection ♦ Requires a ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 ink positive pressure, so and separation method (such and related patent pressure that in the quiescent forces can be as a nozzle rim applications state some of the ink reduced or effective ♦ Possible operation of the drop already ♦ Fast refill time hydrophobizing, following: protrudes from the or both) to IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12, nozzle. prevent IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, This reduces the flooding of the IJ22, IJ23-IJ34, pressure in the ejection IJ36-IJ41, IJ44 nozzle chamber surface of the which is required to print head. eject a certain volume of ink. The reduction in chamber pressure results in a reduction in ink pushed out through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles ♦ The refill rate is ♦ Design ♦ HP Thermal Ink Jet are placed in the not as restricted complexity ♦ Tektronix piezoelectric ink inlet ink flow. When as the long inlet ♦ May increase jet the actuator is method. fabrication energized, the rapid ♦ Reduces complexity ink movement crosstalk (e.g. Tektronix creates eddies which hot melt restrict the flow Piezoelectric through the inlet. print heads). The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible In this method ♦ Significantly ♦ Not applicable ♦ Canon flap recently disclosed reduces back- to most ink jet restricts by Canon, the flow for edge- configurations inlet expanding actuator shooter thermal ♦ Increased (bubble) pushes on a ink jet devices fabrication flexible flap that complexity restricts the inlet. ♦ Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located ♦ Additional ♦ Restricts refill ♦ IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, between the ink inlet advantage of rate IJ27, IJ29, IJ30 and the nozzle ink filtration ♦ May result in chamber. The filter ♦ Ink filter may complex has a multitude of be fabricated construction small holes or slots, with no restricting ink flow. additional The filter also process steps removes particles which may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet ♦ Design ♦ Restricts refill ♦ IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared channel to the simplicity rate to nozzle nozzle chamber has ♦ May result in a a substantially relatively large smaller cross section chip area than that of the ♦ Only partially nozzle, resulting in effective easier ink egress out of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet A secondary ♦ Increases speed ♦ Requires ♦ IJ09 shutter actuator controls the of the ink jet separate refill position of a shutter, print head actuator and closing off the ink operation drive circuit inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet The method avoids ♦ Back-flow ♦ Requires ♦ IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, is located the problem of inlet problem is careful design IJ06, IJ07. IJ10, behind the back-flow by eliminated to minimize IJ11, IJ14, IJ16, ink- arranging the ink- the negative IJ22, IJ23, IJ25, pushing pushing surface of pressure IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, surtace the actuator between behind the IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, the inlet and the paddle IJ36, IJ39, IJ40, nozzle. IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a ♦ Significant ♦ Small increase ♦ IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, actuator wall of the ink reductions in in fabrication IJ38 moves to chamber are back-flow can complexity shut off arranged so that the be achieved the inlet motion of the ♦ Compact actuator closes off designs possible the inlet. Nozzle In some ♦ Ink back-flow ♦ None related to ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 actuator configurations of problem is ink back-flow and related patent does not ink jet, there is no eliminated on actuation applications result in expansion or ♦ Valve-jet ink back- movement of an ♦ Tone-jet flow actuator which may cause ink back-flow through the inlet. NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Normal All of the nozzles ♦ No added ♦ May not be ♦ Most ink jet systems nozzle are fired complexity on sufficient to ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, firing periodically, before the print head displace dried IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, the ink has a chance ink IJ07, IJ09, IJ10, to dry. When not in IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, use the nozzles are IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, sealed (capped) IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, against air. IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, The nozzle firing is IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, usually performed IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, during a special IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, clearing cycle, after IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, first moving the IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, print head to a IJ45 cleaning station. Extra In systems which ♦ Can be highly ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 power to heat the ink, but do effective if the higher drive and related patent ink heater not boil it under heater is voltage for applications normal situations, adjacent to the clearing nozzle clearing can nozzle ♦ May require be achieved by over- larger drive powering the heater transistors and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired ♦ Does not ♦ Effectiveness ♦ May be used with: success- in rapid succession. require extra depends IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, ion of In some drive circuits on substantially IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, actuator configurations, this the print head upon the IJ07, IJ09, IJ10, pulses may cause heat ♦ Can be readily configuration IJ11, IJ14, IJ16, build-up at the controlled and of the inkjet IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, nozzle which boils initiated by nozzle IJ24, IJ25, IJ27, the ink, clearing the digital logic IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, nozzle. In other IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, situations, it may IJ34, IJ36, IJ37, cause sufficient IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, vibrations to IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, dislodge clogged IJ44, IJ45 nozzles. Extra Where an actuator is ♦ A simple ♦ Not suitable ♦ May be used with: power to not normally driven solution where where there is IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, ink to the limit of its applicable a hard limit to IJ20, IJ23, IJ24, pushing motion, nozzle actuator IJ25, IJ27, IJ29, actuator clearing may be movement IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, assisted by IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, providing an IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, enhanced drive IJ45 signal to the actuator. Acoustic An ultrasonic wave ♦ A high nozzle ♦ High ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, resonance is applied to the ink clearing implementation IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, chamber. This wave capability can cost if IJ21 is of an appropriate he achieved system does amptitude and ♦ May be not already frequency to cause implemented at include an sufficient force at very low cost in acoustic the nozzle to clear systems which actuator blockages. This is already include easiest to achieve if acoustic the ultrasonic wave actuator is at a resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated ♦ Can clear ♦ Accurate ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 clearing plate is pushed severely mechanical and related patent plate against the nozzles. clogged nozzles alignment is applications The plate has a post required for every nozzle. A ♦ Moving parts post moves through are required each nozzle, ♦ There is risk of displacing dried ink. damage to the nozzles ♦ Accurate fabrication is required Ink The pressure of the ♦ May be ♦ Requires ♦ May be used with all IJ pressure ink is temporarily effective where pressure pump series ink jets pulse increased so that ink other methods or other streams from all of cannot be used pressure the nozzles. This actuator may be used in ♦ Expensive conjunction with ♦ Wasteful of actuator energizing. ink Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is ♦ Effective for ♦ Difficult to use ♦ Many ink jet systems wiper wiped across the planar print if print head print head surface. head surfaces surface is non- The blade is usually ♦ Low cost planar or very fabricated from a fragile flexible polymer, ♦ Requires e.g. rubber or mechanical synthetic elastomer. parts ♦ Blade can wear out in high volume print systems Separate A separate heater is ♦ Can be effective ♦ Fabrication ♦ Can be used with many IJ ink boiling provided at the where other complexity series ink jets heater nozzle although the nozzle clearing normal drop e- methods cannot ection mechanism be used does not require it. ♦ Can be The heaters do not implemented at require individual no additional drive circuits, as cost in some ink many nozzles can be jet cleared configuration simultaneously, and no imaging is required. NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Electro- A nozzle plate is ♦ Fabrication ♦ High ♦ Hewlett Packard Thermal formed separately fabricated simplicity temperatures Ink jet nickel from electroformed and pressures nickel, and bonded are required to to the print head bond nozzle chip. plate ♦ Minimum thickness constraints ♦ Differential thermal expansion Laser Individual nozzle ♦ No masks ♦ Each hole must ♦ Canon Bubblejet ablated or holes are ablated by required be individually ♦ 1988 Sercel et al., SPIE, drilled an intense UV laser ♦ Can be quite formed Vol. 998 Excimer Beam polymer in a nozzle plate, fast ♦ Special Applications, pp. 76-83 which is typically a ♦ Some control equipment ♦ 1993 Watanabe et al., polymer such as over nozzle required U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 polyimide or profile is ♦ Slow where polysulphone possible there are many ♦ Equipment thousands of required is nozzles per relatively low print head cost ♦ May produce thin burrs at exit holes Silicon A separate nozzle ♦ High accuracy ♦ Two part ♦ K. Bean, IEEE micro- plate is is attainable construction Transactions on Electron machined micromachined ♦ High cost Devices, Vol. ED-25, No. from single crystal ♦ Requires 10, 1978, pp 1185-1195 silicon, and bonded precision ♦ Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., to the print head alignment U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,191 wafer. ♦ Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive Glass Fine glass ♦ No expensive ♦ Very small ♦ 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. capillaries capillaries are drawn equipment nozzle sizes 3,683,212 from glass tubing. required are difficult to This method has ♦ Simple to make form been used for single nozzles ♦ Not suited for making individual mass nozzles, but is production difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is ♦ High accuracy ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 surface deposited as a layer (<1 μm) sacrificial layer and related patent micro- using standard VLSI ♦ Monolitnic under the applications machined deposition ♦ Low cost nozzle plate to ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, using VLSI techniques. Nozzles ♦ Existing form the ♦ IJ11, IJ12, IJ17, litho- are etched in the processes can nozzle IJ18, IJ20, IJ22, graphic nozzle plate using be used chamber IJ24, IJ27, IJ28, processes VLSI lithography ♦ Surface may IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, and etching. be fragile to IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, the touch IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a ♦ High accuracy ♦ Requires long ♦ IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, etched buried etch stop in (<1 μm) etch times IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, through the wafer. Nozzle ♦ Monolithic ♦ Requires a IJ10, IJ13, IJ14, substrate chambers are etched ♦ Low cost support wafer IJ15, IJ16, IJ19, in the front of the ♦ No differential IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, wafer, and the wafer expansion IJ26 is thinned from the back side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods ♦ No nozzles to ♦ Difficult to ♦ Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et al plate have been tried to become clogged control drop U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,413 eliminate the position ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et al EUP nozzles entirely, to accurately 550,192 prevent nozzle ♦ Crosstalk ♦ 1993 Elrod et al EUP clogging. These problems 572,220 include thermal bubble mechanisms and acoustic lens mechanisms Trough Each drop ejector ♦ Reduced ♦ Drop flring ♦ IJ35 has a trough through manufacturing direction is which a paddle complexity sensitive to moves. There is no ♦ Monolithic wicking. nozzle plate. Nozzle slit The elimination of ♦ No nozzles to ♦ Difficult to ♦ 1989 Saito et al instead of nozzle holes and become clogged control drop U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,068 individual replacement by a slit position nozzles encompassing many accurately actuator positions ♦ Crosstalk reduces nozzle problems clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Edge Ink flow is along the ♦ Simple ♦ Nozzles ♦ Canon Bubblejet 1979 (‘edge surface of the chip, construction limited to edge Endo et al GB patent shooter’) and ink drops are ♦ No silicon ♦ High 2,007,162 ejected from the etching required resolution is ♦ Xerox heater-in-pit 1990 chip edge. ♦ Good heat difficult Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. sinking via ♦ Fast color 4,899,181 substrate printing ♦ Tone-jet ♦ Mechanically requires one strong print head per ♦ Ease of chip color handing Surface Ink flow is along the ♦ No bulk silicon ♦ Maximum ink ♦ Hewlett-Packard TIJ 1982 (‘roof surface of the chip, etching required flow is Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No. shooter’) and ink drops are ♦ Silicon can severely 4,490,728 ejected from. the make an restricted ♦ IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, chip surface, normal effective heat IJ20, IJ22 to the plane of the sink chip. ♦ Mechanical strength Through Ink flow is through. ♦ High ink flow ♦ Requires bulk ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 chip, the chip, and ink ♦ Suitable for silicon etching and related patent forward drops are ejected pagewidth print applications (‘up from the front heads ♦ IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, shooter’) surface of the chip. ♦ High nozzle IJ24, IJ27-IJ45 packing density therfore low manufacturing Through Ink flow is through ♦ High ink flow ♦ Requires wafer ♦ IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, chip, the chip, and ink ♦ Suitable for thinning IJ06, IJ07, IJ08, reverse drops are ejected pagewidth print ♦ Requires IJ09, IJ10, IJ13, (‘down from the rear surface heads special IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, shooter’) of the chip. ♦ High nozzle handling IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, packing density during IJ25, IJ26 therefore low manufacture manufacturing cost Through Inkflow is through ♦ Suitable for ♦ Pagewidth ♦ Epson Stylus actuator the actuator, which piezoelectric print heads ♦ Tektronix hot melt is not fabricated as print heads require several piezoelectric ink jets part of the same thousand substrate as the connections to drive transistors. drive circuits ♦ Cannot be manufactured in standard CMOS fabs ♦ Complex assembly required INK TYPE Aqueous, Water based ink ♦ Environmentally ♦ Slow drying ♦ Most existing inkjets dye which typically friendly ♦ Corrosive ♦ All IJ series ink jets contains: water, dye, ♦ No odor ♦ Bleeds on ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 surfactant, paper and related patent humectant, and ♦ May applications biocide strikethrough Modern ink dyes ♦ Cockles paper have high water- fastness, light fastness Aqueous, Water based ink ♦ Environmentally ♦ Slow drying ♦ IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, pigment which typically friendly ♦ Corrosive IJ26, IJ27, IJ30 contains: water, ♦ No odor ♦ Pigment may ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 pigment, surfactant, ♦ Reduced bleed clog nozzles and related patent humectant, and ♦ Reduced ♦ Pigment may applications biocide. wicking clog actuator ♦ Piezoelectric ink-jets Pigments have an ♦ Reduced mechanisms ♦ Thermal ink jets (with advantage in reduced strikethrough ♦ Cockles paper significant restrictions) bleed, wicking and strikethrough. Methyl MEK is a highly ♦ Very fast ♦ Odorous ♦ All IJ series ink jets Ethyl volatile solvent used drying ♦ Flammable Ketone for industrial printing ♦ Prints on (MEK) on difficult surfaces various such as aluminum substrates such cans. as metals and plastics Alcohol Alcohol based inks ♦ Fast drying ♦ Slight odor ♦ All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, can be used where ♦ Operates at ♦ Flammable 2-butanol, the printer must sub-freezing and operate at temperatures others) temperatures below ♦ Reduced paper the freezing point of cockle water. An example of ♦ Low cost this is in-camera consumer photographic printing. Phase The ink is solid at ♦ No drying ♦ High viscosity ♦ Tektronix hot melt change room temperature, time-ink ♦ Printed ink piezoelectric ink jets (hot melt) and is melted in the instantly typically has a ♦ 1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. No. print head before freezes on the ‘waxy’ feel 4,820,346 jetting. Hot melt inks print medium ♦ Printed pages ♦ All IJ series ink jets are usually wax ♦ Almost any may ‘block’ based, with a melting print medium ♦ Ink point around 80° C. can be used temperature After jetting the ink ♦ No paper may be above freezes almost cockie occurs the curie point instantly upon ♦ No wicking of permanent contacting the print occurs magnets medium or a transfer ♦ No bleed ♦ Ink heaters roller. occurs consume ♦ No power strikethrough ♦ Long warm-up occurs time Oil Oil based inks are ♦ High solubility ♦ High viscosity: ♦ All IJ series ink jets extensively used in medium for this is a offset printing. They some dyes significant have advantages in ♦ Does not limitation for improved cockle paper use in ink jets, characteristics on ♦ Does not wick which usually paper (especially no through paper require a low wicking or cockle). viscosity. Oil soluble dies and Some short pigments are chain and required. multi-branched oils have a sufficiently low viscosity. ♦ Slow drying Micro- A microemulsion is a ♦ Stops ink bleed ♦ Viscosity ♦ All IJ series ink jets emulsion stable, self forming ♦ High dye higher than emulsion of Oil, solubility water water, and surfactant. ♦ Water, oil, and ♦ Cost is slightly The characteristic amphiphilic higher than drop size is less than soluble dies water based 100 nm, and is can be used ink determined by the ♦ Can stabilize ♦ High surfactant preferred curvature of pigment concentration the surfactant. suspensions required (around 5%) 

What is claimed is:
 1. An ink jet print head comprising: a nozzle chamber having an ink ejection port for the ejection of ink from the nozzle chamber; an ink supply reservoir for supplying ink to said nozzle chamber; a shutter for opening and closing a fluid passage between the reservoir and chamber so as to selectively cause the ejection of ink from said ink ejection port; wherein said shutter includes a rack edge for moving the shutter to an open or closed position via an actuator driven driving mechanism.
 2. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said driving mechanism comprises a gearing mechanism that reduces driving frequency of said rack edge relative to a frequency of operation of said driving mechanism.
 3. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 2 wherein said driving mechanism includes a conductive element in a magnetic field to exert a force on a ratchet of a gearing mechanism with said gearing mechanism transferring said force to said rack edge.
 4. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said driving mechanism includes a conductive element in a magnetic field to exert a force said ratchet.
 5. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 4 wherein said conductive element includes a structure designed to deflect by lorenz force when a current is passed through it in the presence of a magnetic field.
 6. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said shutter includes a series of slots having corresponding retainers to guide the shutter between said reservoir and said nozzle chamber.
 7. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said shutter is formed as an array of nozzles on a silicon wafer structure.
 8. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 including driving means for oscillating ink pressure within said ink supply reservoir. 